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Throw

rascal-0.34.0

Synopsis​

Throw any value as an exception up the call stack.

Syntax​

throw Exp;

Description​

A throw statement causes the immediate abortion of the execution of the current function with Exp \'s value as exception value. The exception can be caught by a Try Catch statement in the current function or in one of its callers. If the exception is not caught, the execution of the Rascal program is terminated. The following rules apply:

  • Although it is not necessary, it is a coding standard to use the Algebraic Data Type RuntimeException, see RuntimeException to throw as Exp.
  • Use new Algebraic Data Type data declarations that extend the type RuntimeException to create your own exception kinds.
  • In general Exp can be any value.

See Try Catch for handling thrown values.

Examples​

Here is a variant of string concatenation for ball haters:

rascal>str conc(str x, str y) { 
>>>>>>>  if ("ball" in {x, y}) 
>>>>>>>    throw "I hate balls"; 
>>>>>>>  return x + y; 
>>>>>>>}
str (str, str): function(|prompt:///|(0,96,<1,0>,<5,1>))
rascal>conc("fairy", "tale");
str: "fairytale"
---
fairytale
---
rascal>conc("foot", "ball");
|prompt:///|(61,14,<3,10>,<3,24>): "I hate balls"
    at conc(|prompt:///|(28,52,<2,2>,<4,2>))
    at $shell$(|prompt:///|(0,21,<1,0>,<1,21>))
ok

Here we throw an integer:

rascal>import List;
ok
rascal>aList = [1,2,3];
list[int]: [1,2,3]
rascal>if (size(aList) == 3) {
>>>>>>>  throw size(aList);
>>>>>>>}
|prompt:///|(37,5,<2,13>,<2,18>): 3
    at $shell$(|prompt:///|(22,24,<1,22>,<3,1>))
ok

Here we throw a constructor of RuntimeException:

rascal>import Exception;
ok

highlight-next-line

rascal>data RuntimeException = facUndefinedOn(int cause);
ok
rascal>int fac(int n) {
>>>>>>>  if (n < 0) {

highlight-next-line

>>>>>>>    throw facUndefinedOn(n);
>>>>>>>  }
>>>>>>>  else if (n == 0) {
>>>>>>>    return 1;
>>>>>>>  }
>>>>>>>  else {
>>>>>>>    return n * fac(n - 1);
>>>>>>>  }
>>>>>>>}
int (int): function(|prompt:///|(0,145,<1,0>,<11,1>))
rascal>fac(-1)
|prompt:///|(57,1,<3,25>,<3,26>): facUndefinedOn(-1)
    at fac(|prompt:///|(30,34,<2,13>,<4,3>))
    at $shell$(|prompt:///|(0,145,<1,0>,<11,1>))
ok